{"id":8831,"date":"2023-09-23T12:23:57","date_gmt":"2023-09-23T12:23:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sportcakes.com\/?p=8831"},"modified":"2023-09-24T08:40:57","modified_gmt":"2023-09-24T08:40:57","slug":"the-history-of-the-penalty-in-football","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sportcakes.com\/cs\/historie-penalt-ve-fotbale\/","title":{"rendered":"Historie pokutov\u00fdch kop\u016f ve fotbale"},"content":{"rendered":"

Historie pokutov\u00fdch kop\u016f ve fotbale<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

Kdy a pro\u010d byl p\u0159edstaven? K jak\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m pravidel v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let do\u0161lo? <\/em><\/strong><\/p>

Penalta - nejkontroverzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed moment mezi fotbalov\u00fdmi fanou\u0161ky. Mo\u017en\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edc ne\u017e p\u0159epaden\u00ed. Toto pravidlo je jedn\u00edm z nejp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch trest\u016f, proto\u017ee d\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e jasnou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost ke vst\u0159elen\u00ed branky od soupe\u0159e, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 na branku jasn\u00fd pohled a pouze str\u00e1\u017ece soupe\u0159ova t\u00fdmu nebo nep\u0159esn\u00e1 st\u0159ela mu mohou zabr\u00e1nit ve sk\u00f3rov\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u00edte ale, pro\u010d a kdy bylo toto pravidlo zavedeno do obl\u00edben\u00e9 hry sv\u011bta? Na tuto ot\u00e1zku se pokus\u00edme odpov\u011bd\u011bt v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u0159\u00e1dc\u00edch. <\/p>

Trest je trest za poru\u0161en\u00ed pravidel v pokutov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010dem br\u00e1n\u00edc\u00edho dru\u017estva. Trest m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ud\u011blen za hru rukou, podra\u017een\u00ed protihr\u00e1\u010de nebo p\u0159estupek mimo m\u00ed\u010d. Pot\u00e9 dost\u00e1v\u00e1 \u00fato\u010d\u00edc\u00ed t\u00fdm \u0161anci vyst\u0159elit p\u0159\u00edmo na br\u00e1nu z 11 metr\u016f front\u00e1ln\u011b a mezi nimi a brankovou \u010d\u00e1rou stoj\u00ed pouze brank\u00e1\u0159, kter\u00fd podle nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pravidel ve fotbale nesm\u00ed ani p\u0159ekro\u010dit brankovou \u010d\u00e1ru. Jedna z jeho dvou nohou mus\u00ed b\u00fdt na lince. Penalty lze prov\u00e1d\u011bt i v turnajov\u00fdch z\u00e1pasech, kdy se dva t\u00fdmy nemohou porazit v z\u00e1kladn\u00ed hrac\u00ed dob\u011b a prodlou\u017een\u00ed jednoho nebo dvou z\u00e1pas\u016f. <\/p>

V p\u016fvodn\u00edch pravidlech hry, vydan\u00fdch v roce 1863, nebyly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 postihy za poru\u0161en\u00ed. V roce 1872 byl zaveden nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fd voln\u00fd kop, kdy n\u011bkdo hraje m\u00ed\u010d rukou. Brzy se v\u0161ak m\u011blo za to, \u017ee tento typ trestu nebyl dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed, kdy\u017e m\u00ed\u010d br\u00e1n\u00edc\u00edho hr\u00e1\u010de zabr\u00e1nil g\u00f3lu. Proto bylo v roce 1882 p\u0159ijato pravidlo, podle kter\u00e9ho se v takov\u00fdch situac\u00edch p\u0159\u00edmo ud\u011bloval g\u00f3l. Ale ani tato inovace nem\u011bla dlouh\u00e9ho trv\u00e1n\u00ed a byla v roce 1883 zastavena. <\/p>

Mus\u00edme si po\u010dkat do 90. let 19. stolet\u00ed a pod\u011bkovat brank\u00e1\u0159i a obchodn\u00edkovi Williamu McCrumovi, kter\u00fd penaltou nav\u017edy zm\u011bnil z\u00e1pas. N\u00e1pad p\u0159edlo\u017eil Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed fotbalov\u00e9 asociaci, kter\u00e1 o n\u011bm v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm roce uva\u017eovala. Pro zaveden\u00ed trestu jsou kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 dva incidenty v obdob\u00ed mezi nab\u00eddkou a jej\u00edm p\u0159ijet\u00edm. H\u00e1zen\u00e1 ve \u010dtvrtfin\u00e1le Skotsk\u00e9ho poh\u00e1ru, kde br\u00e1n\u00edc\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010d boxuje m\u00ed\u010d pod ty\u010d a dal\u0161\u00ed podobn\u00fd z\u00e1krok ve \u010dtvrtfin\u00e1le FA Cupu. <\/p>

Tak bylo 2. \u010dervna 1891 zavedeno pravidlo pokutov\u00e9ho kopu. Pokud hr\u00e1\u010d zas\u00e1hne nebo p\u0159idr\u017e\u00ed protihr\u00e1\u010de nebo \u00famysln\u011b zahraje rukou do vzd\u00e1lenosti 12 yard\u016f (11 metr\u016f) od brankov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry, rozhod\u010d\u00ed na \u017e\u00e1dost \u00fato\u010d\u00edc\u00edho dru\u017estva ud\u011bl\u00ed trest z \u010d\u00e1ry vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 12 yard\u016f od brankov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry. dve\u0159e. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd jin\u00fd hr\u00e1\u010d ne\u017e vyr\u00e1\u017ee\u010d a brank\u00e1\u0159 se nesm\u00ed nach\u00e1zet v prostoru mezi brankovou \u010d\u00e1rou a m\u00edstem proveden\u00ed a brank\u00e1\u0159 nesm\u00ed ustoupit na v\u00edce ne\u017e 6 yard\u016f (5,5 metru), aby se pokusil zachr\u00e1nit st\u0159elu. <\/p>

Okam\u017eit\u011b si v\u0161imneme rozd\u00edlu se sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi pravidly. Proh\u0159e\u0161ek nen\u00ed v pokutov\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed, proto\u017ee to do roku 1902 ve fotbale neexistovalo, kop se od ur\u010dit\u00e9ho bodu neprov\u00e1d\u00ed, proto\u017ee tam nen\u00ed t\u00e1c. Znovu byl p\u0159edstaven v roce 1902. T\u00fdm, proti kter\u00e9mu byla pravidla poru\u0161ena, mus\u00ed vzn\u00e9st n\u00e1rok na trest. Neexistuje z\u00e1kaz driblinku ze strany hr\u00e1\u010de, tzn. nen\u00ed povinen st\u0159\u00edlet p\u0159\u00edmo na branku. M\u00ed\u010d lze kopnout jak\u00fdmkoli sm\u011brem. Brank\u00e1\u0159 m\u016f\u017ee opustit brankovou \u010d\u00e1ru a odej\u00edt do 6 yard\u016f od vlastn\u00ed branky. <\/p>

Rok po zaveden\u00ed pravidla p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed prvn\u00ed zm\u011bna. Zakazuje hr\u00e1\u010di prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edmu pokutov\u00fd kop znovu se dotknout m\u00ed\u010de, dokud s n\u00edm nezahraje jin\u00fd hr\u00e1\u010d. V roce 1896 v\u0161ak bylo rozhodnuto, \u017ee \u00fader mus\u00ed sm\u011b\u0159ovat dop\u0159edu. V roce 1902 bylo zavedeno pokutov\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed dosahuj\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e 18 yard\u016f (nebo 16 metr\u016f) od brankov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry. Penaltov\u00e9 proh\u0159e\u0161ky tak ji\u017e nejsou pouze do 12 yardov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry, kope se z bodu na 11metrov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1\u0159e \u010deln\u00edm sm\u011brem k brance a ostatn\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010di krom\u011b vyr\u00e1\u017ee\u010de a brank\u00e1\u0159e mus\u00ed b\u00fdt mimo tuto oblast. <\/p>

V roce 1905 zm\u011bny pokra\u010dovaly a zavazovaly brank\u00e1\u0159e z\u016fstat na sv\u00e9 brankov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1\u0159e. Po dal\u0161\u00edch 18 letech je hr\u00e1\u010d\u016fm ostatn\u00edch hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f zak\u00e1z\u00e1no b\u00fdt bl\u00ed\u017ee ne\u017e 9 metr\u016f a 15 centimetr\u016f (nebo 10 yard\u016f) od pokutov\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, aby nep\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eeli hraj\u00edc\u00edmu. Ve 30. letech 20. stolet\u00ed m\u011bl brank\u00e1\u0159 zak\u00e1z\u00e1no pohybovat nohama, dokud m\u00ed\u010d neodkopl sm\u011brem k br\u00e1n\u011b. Po 7 letech se tak\u00e9 objev\u00ed oblouk pokutov\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, aby pomohl rozhod\u010d\u00edmu ur\u010dit vzd\u00e1lenost 9 metr\u016f a 15 centimetr\u016f od bodu, kde mus\u00ed z\u016fstat ostatn\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010di. Brank\u00e1\u0159 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt mezi ty\u010demi. V roce 1939 byla provedena mal\u00e1 zm\u011bna, kter\u00e1 uv\u00e1d\u011bla, \u017ee m\u00ed\u010d mus\u00ed ud\u011blat plnou revoluci, aby byl ve h\u0159e. To se zm\u011bnilo v roce 1997, kdy se po\u010d\u00edtal ka\u017ed\u00fd mal\u00fd pohyb m\u00ed\u010de a \u00fader byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za uskute\u010dn\u011bn\u00fd. V roce 2016 bylo up\u0159esn\u011bno, \u017ee tento pohyb mus\u00ed b\u00fdt viditeln\u00fd. <\/p>

Posledn\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 zm\u011bna byla provedena ned\u00e1vno. S n\u00edm mus\u00ed v\u0161ichni hr\u00e1\u010di z\u016fstat za penaltou. Stalo se tak na \u017e\u00e1dost Skotsk\u00e9 fotbalov\u00e9 asociace a\u017e v roce 1995. Do t\u00e9 doby st\u00e1li hr\u00e1\u010di p\u0159ed bodem a m\u00ed\u010dem, ale samoz\u0159ejm\u011b mimo pokutov\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed. <\/p>

V roce 1997 se brank\u00e1\u0159 op\u011bt sm\u011bl pohybovat po brankov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1\u0159e a p\u00e1lit proti interpretovi. V roce 2010 do\u0161lo tak\u00e9 k p\u0159edposledn\u00ed novince, ve kter\u00e9 je zak\u00e1z\u00e1no, aby se \u00fa\u010dinkuj\u00edc\u00ed fale\u0161n\u011b sahali po m\u00ed\u010di, aby oklamali brank\u00e1\u0159e, stejn\u011b jako se zastavuj\u00ed bezprost\u0159edn\u011b p\u0159ed st\u0159elou. Posledn\u00ed pravidlo je z l\u00e9ta 2019, kdy ukl\u00e1daj\u00ed brank\u00e1\u0159\u016fm povinnost nechat alespo\u0148 jednu ze sv\u00fdch nohou na brankov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1\u0159e a\u017e do ulo\u017een\u00ed trestu. <\/p>

Kontroverze kolem pokutov\u00fdch kop\u016f m\u016f\u017ee jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed existovat, i kdy\u017e v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b se objevilo p\u00e1r p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, kdy se vyskytli hr\u00e1\u010di, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010dili oblouk pokutov\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed. Kontroverze v\u0161ak vznik\u00e1 ud\u011blov\u00e1n\u00edm trest\u016f a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm svobodou rozhod\u010d\u00edch posuzovat podle vlastn\u00edho v\u00fdkladu dan\u00fdch situac\u00ed. <\/p>

.<\/span><\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V p\u016fvodn\u00edch pravidlech fotbalu trest nebyl<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6592,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,145],"tags":[150,44],"class_list":["post-8831","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all","category-football","tag-150","tag-united-kingdom"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0437\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0444\u0443\u0442\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0430 - Sportcakes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sportcakes.com\/cs\/historie-penalt-ve-fotbale\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0437\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0444\u0443\u0442\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0430 - 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